It is said that freedom of expression is a fundamental right. However, in our contemporary society, not everyone enjoys it, although it plays a crucial role in promoting open dialogue, accountability, and social progress.
What is Freedom of Speech?
The first thing we must do, as always, is try to understand what freedom of expression is.
Freedom of speech is the right that every human being has to freely express their opinions, to be able to publish or communicate them, and for others to respect them.
The foundations of freedom of speech can be found in the ideas of ancient philosophers who defended the right to freedom of thought and opinion.
Going into detail, philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu argued that a world full of free people would result in significant advancements in both the arts and sciences and clearly, in politics.
On the other hand, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights state that this right must be guaranteed as it is essential for any human being to be able to fulfill and develop properly.
Freedom of speech is a fundamental right and an essential pillar of any democratic society.
This means that it is the cornerstone of democracy. Without the ability to freely express ideas and opinions, democracy cannot function effectively.
This right allows citizens to participate in the political process, debate public policies, criticize government officials, and propose changes. Without freedom of expression, free and fair elections would be impossible, as voters would not have access to truthful and diverse information.
The free exchange of ideas is essential for progress and innovation. When people can freely share their thoughts and perspectives, it creates an environment conducive to debate and constructive criticism.
Changes
Like any concept in our society, freedom of expression has also changed over time.
During the Middle Ages, freedom of speech faced numerous restrictions imposed by religious and political authorities. The Inquisition and other religious control institutions censored ideas considered heretical or blasphemous, silencing those who challenged established orthodoxy.
The Enlightenment of the 18th century marked a turning point in the history of freedom of expression. Philosophers like Voltaire and John Locke defended the right to freedom of expression as an essential component of individual freedom and universal human rights.
Their ideas influenced revolutionary movements and the drafting of documents like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen during the French Revolution.
In the 19th century, freedom of speech began to be recognized and protected in legal and constitutional documents in various countries.
For example, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1791, guaranteed freedom of expression as a fundamental right. However, in many places, censorship and repression continued to be common practices, especially in times of political or social conflict.
Freedom of expression has allowed African Americans and their allies to voice their demands and protest against racial discrimination and injustice. From the time of slavery to the civil rights movements of the 20th century and contemporary protests like the Black Lives Matter movement, freedom of expression has been essential in giving voice to demands for equality and justice.
Freedom of expression has contributed to raising public awareness about racial injustice and the need to address it.
The 20th century witnessed significant advances in the protection of freedom of expression, but also significant challenges.
The creation of international organizations like the United Nations and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 reaffirmed the right to freedom of expression as a universal principle.
However, the century was also marked by episodes of censorship and repression in several countries, including totalitarian regimes and dictatorships.
In the 21st century, freedom of expression faces new challenges in the context of the digital age.
While the internet and social media have expanded opportunities for expression and the exchange of ideas, concerns have also arisen about misinformation, hate speech, and online mass surveillance.
With the advent of the internet and social media, public discourse has been decentralized, allowing anyone with internet access to express their opinions and participate in public debate.
This has democratized access to information and given voice to groups and communities that were previously marginalized or excluded from traditional media.
The struggle to protect and promote freedom of expression in this new environment continues to be a priority worldwide.
The Problem
In many parts of the world, this right is restricted or completely suppressed, leading to a series of profound and far-reaching problems for society.
The lack of freedom of speech undermines the very foundations of democracy. In a society where people cannot express themselves freely, public debate and the exchange of ideas are severely limited.
Without access to accurate information and without the ability to criticize the government, citizens cannot effectively participate in the democratic process. This leads to manipulated elections, authoritarian governments, and a growing disconnect between rulers and the ruled.
In contexts where freedom of speech is restricted, governments and other powerful actors can control and manipulate the information that reaches the public. This facilitates the spread of propaganda and misinformation, as dissenting voices and independent sources are silenced. The population, without access to a diversity of perspectives, becomes the victim of a single narrative that distorts reality and perpetuates the power of those in control.
The lack of freedom of speech often goes hand in hand with the repression of other human rights. Without the ability to denounce abuses and injustices, human rights violations can occur without repercussions.
Activists, journalists, and human rights defenders often face threats, imprisonment, or violence for trying to expose the truth. This creates an atmosphere of fear and self-censorship, where citizens feel unable to demand their rights and fight against oppression.
Some obvious problems due to the limitation of this fundamental right are:
Misinformation. It is clear that the lack of freedom of expression allows governments and other powerful actors to control the public narrative. Without a free press and without the ability to openly question and criticize, false or misleading information can spread unchecked, manipulating public opinion and distorting reality.
A clear example of this is the situation in China. In this country, the government strictly controls the media and digital platforms. Censorship and propaganda are common tools to influence public perception.
In Russia, government control over the media has allowed the dissemination of official narratives while suppressing dissenting voices. During elections and important political events, misinformation is used to manipulate public opinion.
Repression of Human Rights. Without the ability to denounce abuses and demand justice, citizens are defenseless against oppression and violence.
An example of this is the situation in Iran. In Iran, restrictions on freedom of expression are severe. Journalists, activists, and anyone who criticizes the government face persecution, arrests, and violence. Protests are often brutally suppressed, and dissenting voices are silenced. This was experienced during the November 2019 protests, where Iranian security forces used extreme violence to quell the demonstrations, resulting in hundreds of deaths and thousands of arrests.
Social Polarization and Fragmentation. The problem is that when only one narrative is allowed, opposing opinions become radicalized underground, which can lead to increased division and confrontation in society.
In Turkey, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s administration has implemented strict control over the media and severely repressed political opposition and independent media. This repression has exacerbated polarization in Turkish society, creating an atmosphere of hostility and mistrust among different political and ethnic groups.
The erosion of democracy. If people cannot participate and lack the ability to question and hold their leaders accountable, society faces serious problems. When freedom of expression is compromised, society’s ability to debate, criticize, and demand accountability from leaders is reduced.
Venezuela is a clear example of how the lack of freedom of expression can lead to the erosion of democracy. During the governments of Hugo Chávez and his successor, Nicolás Maduro, governmental control over the media intensified. Independent media outlets were closed down or acquired by the state, and critical journalists faced intimidation and arrest.
Freedom of expression is essential for cultural and educational development.
In Saudi Arabia, censorship and lack of freedom of expression severely affect education and culture. Scholars and artists must self-censor to avoid retaliation, restricting critical thinking and creativity.
The inability to openly debate social, political, and religious issues hinders cultural and educational progress, keeping society in a state of conformity and stagnation.
It’s hard to believe, but the lack of freedom of expression also has significant economic consequences. In an environment where criticism and dissent are prohibited, corruption and mismanagement can proliferate unchecked.
This results in inefficient resource allocation, poor economic policies, and a lack of trust in institutions. Additionally, the lack of an open and transparent environment can discourage foreign investment and limit economic growth.
Europe and the United States
In Europe, despite many countries having robust legal protections for freedom of expression, there are still challenges and issues related to this fundamental right.
In some European countries, restrictive laws and regulations can limit freedom of expression. For example, laws prohibiting hate speech can be used excessively to suppress legitimate criticism and political debate, leading to self-censorship and limiting diversity of opinions.
Journalists in Europe face threats and physical violence as a result of their work, especially when reporting on sensitive issues like corruption, organized crime, and politics. This can inhibit journalists’ ability to report freely and expose abuses of power.
In Russia, journalists reporting on sensitive issues like corruption, human rights abuses, and politics may face threats, intimidation, and physical violence. The Russian government has been accused of suppressing freedom of expression and controlling the media, making it difficult for independent journalists to work.
In Hungary, the government led by Viktor Orbán has been accused of undermining press freedom and restricting space for independent journalism. Laws and measures have been adopted that limit media independence and hinder citizens’ access to information.
Although the internet has expanded opportunities for freedom of expression, online regulation and censorship have also emerged in various European countries. For example, some cybersecurity and anti-terrorism laws may be used to restrict online freedom of expression and limit access to information.
Political polarization and the rise of populism in Europe can lead to the silencing of dissenting voices and the marginalization of minority groups. Polarized discourse can hinder constructive dialogue and the search for solutions to social and political problems in the region.
These are just some examples of the issues related to freedom of expression in Europe. While many European countries have strong legal protections for this fundamental right, its exercise faces challenges in a constantly evolving political, economic, and technological environment.
Similarly, we have the issue of freedom of expression in the United States of America. Let’s be clear, although in the United States, despite freedom of expression being protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution, there are still a series of problems and challenges related to this fundamental right.
Despite the constitutional protection of freedom of the press, journalists in the United States face several challenges, ranging from intimidation and physical violence to restrictions on access to information by government authorities. These obstacles can hinder journalists’ ability to report accurately and without fear of reprisal.
The country has experienced an increase in hate speech and extremism, especially online. Extremist groups and organizations use social media platforms to spread hate messages targeted at various communities, which can lead to violence and polarization in society.
The spread of misinformation and fake news online has undermined trust in the media and made it difficult to distinguish between fact and fiction. This can have harmful consequences for democracy by influencing public opinion and undermining citizens’ ability to make informed decisions.
Fake news has had a significant impact on society.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a large amount of fake news and conspiracy theories related to the virus and public health measures were spread. This included false claims about the effectiveness of certain treatments or the safety of vaccines, as well as conspiracy theories suggesting that the pandemic is a hoax or a government control tactic.
Following the assault on the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, numerous conspiracy theories and misinformation about who was responsible for the attack and what their motivations were emerged.
On college campuses, there have been cases of censorship and repression of speech, where events have been canceled or certain speakers have been prevented from expressing their views due to controversy or ideological opposition. This raises concerns about the suppression of diverse opinions and academic freedom.
The growing online surveillance by the government and private companies raises concerns about privacy and freedom of expression on the internet. Mass data collection and surveillance of communications can inhibit freedom of expression by creating an atmosphere of self-censorship and fear of surveillance.
Political polarization in the United States has led to an increase in the silencing of dissenting voices and a cancel culture where those with divergent opinions are marginalized or excluded from public debate. This can hinder constructive dialogue and the search for solutions to social and political problems.
These are just some examples of the issues related to freedom of expression in the United States today. While freedom of expression remains a fundamental right protected by the Constitution, its exercise faces a number of challenges in an increasingly complex and polarized environment.
Challenges in the Digital Age
In the digital age, freedom of speech faces new challenges and opportunities. Social media and digital platforms have democratized communication, allowing more people than ever to express their opinions and connect with global audiences. However, problems such as misinformation, hate speech, and online surveillance have emerged, threatening to undermine the benefits of open communication.
Digital platforms must strike a balance between protecting freedom of expression and ensuring that their spaces do not become fertile ground for abuse and misinformation. Governments and technology companies must collaborate to establish regulations and policies that respect fundamental rights while addressing these challenges.
One of the most prominent challenges in the digital age is the proliferation of misinformation and fake news. Digital platforms enable the rapid dissemination of unverified or deliberately misleading information, which can manipulate public opinion and cause confusion.
During the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections in the United States, misinformation played a crucial role. False news and conspiracy theories spread through social media, influencing voters’ perceptions.
Despite the opportunities offered by the digital age, many governments have found ways to censor online content and control available information. This may include blocking websites, removing critical content, and monitoring digital communications.
China has implemented one of the world’s most sophisticated censorship systems, known as the Great Firewall. This system blocks access to numerous foreign websites, including popular platforms like Google, Facebook, and Twitter.
The anonymity and accessibility of digital platforms have also facilitated the proliferation of hate speech and online radicalization. Extremist groups and individuals with radical ideologies can use the internet to spread their messages and recruit followers.
Studies have shown that platforms like Facebook and Twitter can contribute to political polarization.
The major technology companies that control digital platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google, have enormous influence over what can be seen and shared online. Content moderation and censorship policies of these companies can significantly affect freedom of expression.
Freedom of expression in the digital age is also threatened by mass surveillance and invasion of privacy. Both governments and private companies collect large amounts of data about people’s online activities, which can have a chilling effect on freedom of expression.
An example of this was carried out in 2013 with Edward Snowden’s leaks. The leaks revealed the existence of mass surveillance programs by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and its international partners. These revelations showed how governments were collecting and monitoring data from millions of people worldwide, often without their knowledge or consent.
The digital age presents unprecedented opportunities for expression and exchange of ideas, but it also brings significant challenges to freedom of expression. From misinformation and governmental censorship to hate speech, surveillance, and algorithmic polarization, these issues require constant attention and innovative solutions. It is essential for both governments and technology companies, as well as civil society, to work together to protect and promote freedom of expression in the digital environment, ensuring that this fundamental right is preserved and strengthened in the 21st century.
In defense
Freedom of expression acts as a bulwark against censorship and repression. In societies where this right is restricted, state or other powers’ control of information can lead to the manipulation of public opinion, the spread of propaganda, and the suppression of dissent.
Freedom of expression allows individuals and the media to challenge these practices, expose abuses of power, and demand transparency and accountability.
Freedom of expression is intrinsically linked to other human rights. Without the ability to speak and express oneself freely, other rights such as freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, and the right to a fair trial may also be compromised.
Additionally, freedom of expression is crucial for protecting the rights of minorities and marginalized groups, who often rely on this right to make their struggles and demands visible.
The defense of freedom of expression worldwide is an ongoing effort involving a variety of actors, including governments, civil society organizations, human rights defenders, journalists, and individual citizens.
The #FreePress movement has emerged as a response to attacks on press freedom and freedom of expression in the United States and worldwide. This movement includes media organizations, journalists, human rights defenders, and citizens committed to defending press freedom and accountability.
Brazil has a Freedom of Expression Law that establishes safeguards for press freedom and freedom of expression online and offline. This law protects journalists and citizens exercising their right to freedom of expression and establishes measures to prevent censorship and repression by the government or other actors.
The International Coalition of Freedom of Expression Defenders is a global network of organizations and individual defenders working together to protect and promote freedom of expression worldwide. This coalition conducts awareness campaigns, provides support to journalists and activists at risk, and advocates for policies that protect freedom of expression.
Reporters Without Borders is an international organization that defends press freedom worldwide. In Mexico, RSF has played a crucial role in defending threatened journalists and documenting cases of violence against the press. Through its research work, awareness campaigns, and direct support to journalists at risk, RSF has significantly contributed to the protection of freedom of expression in the country.
Conexión Informativa is an independent media outlet in Honduras dedicated to investigative journalism and the defense of freedom of expression.
Despite threats and violence against journalists in the country, Conexión Informativa has continued to report on cases of corruption, abuses of power, and human rights violations. Their work highlights the importance of independent journalism as a counterbalance to power and a tool for accountability.
In Chile, the student movement has been a key defender of freedom of expression and other democratic rights. During the student protests of 2011 and the more recent demonstrations in 2019, students demanded educational and social reforms, as well as an end to police repression and media censorship.
Through social mobilization and peaceful protest, they have underscored the importance of freedom of expression in building a fairer and more democratic society.
In Germany, the defense of freedom of expression is based on a strong democratic tradition and solid institutions that protect this fundamental right.
The German Constitution, known as the Basic Law, guarantees freedom of expression as a fundamental right. Article 5 states that “freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and freedom to inform oneself through media without restriction are fundamental rights.”
The DJV is a professional organization representing journalists in Germany and promoting press freedom and journalistic integrity. The association offers support and advice to journalists, advocates for fair working conditions, and fights against government censorship and repression.
The BfDI is the national authority responsible for protecting the privacy and personal data of German citizens. Through the implementation of data protection laws and the promotion of freedom of information, the BfDI plays a crucial role in defending freedom of expression in the digital sphere.
While these examples illustrate some of the approaches used to defend freedom of expression worldwide, it is important to recognize that defending this fundamental right is an ongoing effort that requires the participation and commitment of all sectors of society.
Conclusion
Freedom of speech is vital for the healthy functioning of a democratic society. It fosters debate, innovation, and accountability, and is essential for the protection of other human rights. However, in our digital age, we must carefully navigate the challenges that arise to ensure that this right is preserved and exercised responsibly.
By defending freedom of expression, we uphold the very foundation of our society and ensure a future in which everyone can fully participate in civic and cultural life.
In societies where this right is restricted, creativity and innovation are severely affected. Artists, writers, and academics cannot explore and present new ideas freely, leading to cultural stagnation. The diversity of thought, essential for progress and social development, is stifled, and society as a whole becomes less dynamic and adaptable to change.
The lack of freedom of speech has devastating consequences for democracy, human rights, economic development, and social cohesion. This fundamental right not only enables individuals to express themselves freely but also underpins the healthy functioning of societies. The repression of freedom of speech leads to a cycle of misinformation, corruption, fear, and stagnation, which affects all aspects of social and political life.
It is crucial that societies defend and protect freedom of speech, not only as a right in itself but as an indispensable condition for development, justice, and human dignity. In a world where threats to this right are frequent, the struggle for freedom of expression is more important than ever.
